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Malheur Indian Reservation
The Malheur Indian Reservation was an Indian reservation established for the Northern Paiute in eastern Oregon and northern Nevada from 1872 to 1879. The federal government "discontinued" the reservation after the Bannock War of 1878, under pressure from European-American settlers who wanted the land, a negative recommendation against continuing it by its agent William V. Rinehart, the internment of more than 500 Paiute on the Yakama Indian Reservation, and reluctance of the Bannock and Paiute to return to the lands after the war.
==Establishment==
On September 12, 1872, a presidential order by Ulysses S. Grant set aside the Malheur Indian Reservation in Eastern Oregon for the Northern Paiute. It was intended for "all the roving and straggling bands in Eastern and Southeastern Oregon, which can be induced to settle there." The goal was to reduce conflict between the Paiute, who were struggling to find enough food for survival, and the settlers, whose farms and ranches encroached on their territory. About 800 Northern Paiute were living in settlements and at Forts Harney and Klamath in Southern Oregon, Fort Bidwell in northeastern California, and Fort McDermitt in northern Nevada.〔Brimlow, George Francis. ''Harney County and Its Range Land'', Portland, Oregon: Binfords & Mort, 1951, pp. 90-1.〕 Three bands went to the reservation, led by chiefs Weahwewa, Watta-belly, and Egan.〔(Gae Whitney Canfield, ''Sarah Winnemucca of the Northern Paiutes'' ), University of Oklahoma Press, 1988, p. 94〕 In 1875, Old Winnemucca of the Paiute, his daughter Sarah and son Natchez Winnemucca went to Malheur Indian Reservation.〔Canfield (1988), ''Sarah Winnemucca'', p. 92〕 In 1865 they had lost 29 of 30 people in a band in a raid by Nevada Volunteer cavalry, including the chief's two wives, one of whom was the mother of Sarah and Natchez.〔Canfield (1988), ''Sarah Winnemucca'', pp. 44-45〕
The reservation covered roughly the area drained by the South, Middle and North Forks of the Malheur River. It comprised approximately or . At that time, salmon still migrated up the Columbia and the Snake rivers into the North Fork from the Pacific Ocean.〔
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